![]() The role of spectral composition of sounds on the localization of sound sources by cats. The localisation of spectrally restricted sounds by human listeners. The bandwidth effect on monaural and binaural localization. Sound localization acuity in the cat: effect of azimuth, signal duration, and test procedure. Two-dimensional sound localization by human listeners. Sound frequency-invariant neural coding of a frequency-dependent cue to sound source location. A neural code for low-frequency sound localization in mammals. Neural encoding of sound source location in the presence of a concurrent, spatially separated source. Localization of sound in rooms, II: the effects of a single reflecting surface. Detectability of interaural delay in high-frequency complex waveforms. Transaural experiments and a revised duplex theory for the localization of low-frequency tones. Lateralization of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones: effects of spectral locus and temporal variation. The dominant role of low-frequency interaural time differences in sound localization. The localization of actual sources of sound. Localization of sound from single and paired sources. Acuity of sound localisation: a topography of auditory space. Relearning sound localization with new ears. The effect of brain lesions on sound localization in complex acoustic environments. Spatial localization after excision of human auditory cortex. Hemispheric competence for auditory spatial representation. ![]() Spierer, L., Bellmann-Thiran, A., Maeder, P., Murray, M. Sound localization deficits during reversible deactivation of primary auditory cortex and/or the dorsal zone. Cortical control of sound localization in the cat: unilateral cooling deactivation of 19 cerebral areas. Effect of bilateral auditory cortex lesions on sound localization in Japanese macaques. Contribution of auditory cortex to sound localization in the monkey ( Macaca mulatta). This cortical network accommodates changing behavioural requirements and is especially relevant for processing the location of real-life, complex sounds and complex auditory scenes. We propose that the cortical representation of sound location emerges from recurrent processing taking place in a dynamic, adaptive network of early (primary) and higher-order (posterior–dorsal and dorsolateral prefrontal) auditory regions. In this article, we review and integrate the latest insights from neurophysiological, neuroimaging and computational modelling studies of mammalian spatial hearing. Furthermore, computational modelling seeks to unravel how neural representations of sound source locations are derived from the complex binaural waveforms of real-life sounds. Current research is focused on the contribution of animal models for understanding human spatial audition, the effects of behavioural demands on neural sound location encoding, the emergence of a cue-independent location representation in the auditory cortex, and the relationship between single-source and concurrent location encoding in complex auditory scenes. Our understanding of these mechanisms has increased enormously in the past few years. However, neural encoding of sound location is a complex process involving the computation and integration of multiple spatial cues that are not represented directly in the sensory organ (the cochlea). Humans and other animals use spatial hearing to rapidly localize events in the environment.
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